全面剖析非言语交流(一)
Nonverbal communication - an overview 全面剖析非言语交流Nonverbal communication (as the term implies) is anything other than words themselves that communicates or affects (positively or negatively) the message "contained" in the words.
非语言交流（顾名思义）任何非语言的事情比语言本身的交流或作用（无论积极还是消极的）消息都“包含”在里面。
Metacommunication is a word used to describe the nonverbal process. Meta is from the Greek and means "beyond" or "in addition to"; hence, metacommunication is something in addition to the communication.
元信息传递是用来描述不用语言文字的过程。梅塔来源于希腊，意思是“超越”或“添加”，因此，元信息传递是添加了一些元素的交流。
Anything which can be taken into account as relevant to our interpretation of what another is saying or doing beyond the manifest 'content' of what he is saying or doing can be referred to as metacommunication.
任何一些内容可以表明他在说什么或做什么相关的一种“做法或内容”称之为元信息传递。
There are two types of nonverbal communication which we will discuss briefly 'special forms'. You may not have thought of them as forms of nonverbal communication. They are paralanguage and silence.
非言语交流我们可以简要归纳为二种，我们将简要地讨论一下‘特殊形式’。您可能没有想到他们会是非语言交流的形式。即副语言和沉默。
Paralanguage 副语言
You may have heard someone say, 'It's not what he said, it's the way he said it."
Inflection can have an effect on the impact of a message; and while inflection is applied to words, it is a nonverbal treatment which can completely change the meaning a person would be expected to attach to the words. Inflections or emphasis applied vocally to a message are known as paralanguage.
你或许会听说过,“这不是他说的，这是他表达的方式”。 语调的抑扬顿挫对信息有一定的影响；当音调的变化运用到语言上，非言语处理能完全改变一个人的意思。语调的抑扬顿挫被认为是副语言。
Paralanguage sounds just the opposite from the words themselves. Someone may have greeted you with a "good morning!" but the tone of the words revealed that it was anything but a good morning.
副语言的声音正好同文字本身相反。有人和你打招呼会说“早上好！”但语气语调却透露出另一层意思而不是早上好。
There are, of course, some messages which are transmitted entirely in a nonverbal manner through gestures and facial expressions. https://p.9136.com/28municating encouragement to the people by raising two fingers in the familiar 'V for Victory' sign. Probably each of us has had the experience of making a statement that was greeted either by a raised eyebrow (indicating surprise) or by a wrinkled brow (indicating confusion or doubt).
当然,可以利用非言语方式通过姿态和面部表情传递整个信息.温斯顿丘吉尔在二战期间所采取的图片展示了他11日通过提高交流而举起' V字胜利'手势鼓励人民。也许我们每个人有过经验，一个凸起的眉毛（表示惊讶），或是一个皱眉头（表示困惑或怀疑）。
And when the school bully took a step toward us with a raised, clenched fist, we got that message in a hurry, too.
当一校园恶霸捏紧拳头正要向我们进攻,我们就会很快感受到这种信息。
Silence 沉默
Silence is an important communication tool.
沉默是一个重要的交流工具.
Most of us find an extended period of silence rather oppressive and threatening, and we rush to fill the void with words—usually saying more than we mean to say.
我们会发现当我们受压抑或受恐吓的相当一些时间里头脑是一片空白的, 当我们急于用语言填补空白的话，通常我们说的比所表达的意思还要多.
By using silence at strategic times, you can sometimes get your decoder to reveal certain feelings and attitudes that may be hindering effective communication. It is important that we find out how we are doing in our effort to communicate; we do this through feedback. Silence can be an effective technique to encourage feedback. By silence I mean nonverbal elements held to a minimum.
在关键时候沉默，有时可以让你来破译某些感情和态度可能会阻碍进行有效的交流。最重要的是我们发现我们是如何努力的交流；我们也可以反馈。沉默也是一种有助于鼓励反馈的技巧。沉默是最低限度的非语言因素。非言语交流中最容易被忽略的是沉默。
Culture and communication 文化和交流
Webster defines culture as "the characteristic features of a particular stage or state of advancement in civilization."
韦伯斯特定义文化是“一个特定阶段或国家文明进步的典型特征”。
Or, another definition: Culture is the way a people think, act, live, and communicate. Since this article is about communication, it seems helpful or desirable to get the word communication into the definition.
另一个定义：文化是一个民族的思考方式，行动，生活和交流自从关于交流的文章出现，让我们对理解语言交流的定义有一定帮助。
On the other hand, culture is communication; the two are very much bound together.
A culture develops as the result of interpersonal communication. At the same time, the form, the nature, the makeup of the culture results from the interaction of the people and the place and time in which they live. The "interaction of people" is just another way of saying "communication." Living together, working together, relating to one another is communication. We are always communicating—or attempting to communicate.
另一方面，文化也是交流；二者之间有密切的关系。文化发展的结果促进了人与人之间的交流。与此同时，形式，性质，人们文化生活相互联系这和他们生活的地方和年代有关 。“人民的相互联系”仅是另一种 “交流” 的说法。“在一起生活，在一起工作，彼此联系就是交流。我们一直在交流，或者尝试着进行交流。
An awareness of the relationship between culture and communication as well as an understanding of the differences between cultures is helpful—and at times essential—in communicating successfully.
编者说文化与交流的关系对理解一些不同文化是有帮助的，对成功的交流是必不可少的。Perhaps the simplest way to explain culture and its relationship to communication is to say that people are different—we live, work, and play in different societies, environments, and climates, and we adapt to these in different ways. We are talking here not just about regional differences in our own country, but about even greater differences which are found in the numerous cultures of the world.
也许用最简单的方法来解释文化和交流之间的关系是说，每个人都是不同的，我们的生活，工作，并且生活在不同的社会，环境和气候条件下，我们能以不同的方法来适应这一切。我们这里所说的不仅仅是我们自己国家的地区差异，也包含世界众多的文化存在的差异。
As a result of living in different societies, environments, and climates, people develop special needs, acquire habits and customs peculiar to themselves, and have experiences (and since words are the names we give to our experiences, we have language differences, too) which, in general, result in particular patterns and methods and forms of expression and relating (communicating) with one another. Many examples of this could be given.
People in a warm, tropical climate, for example, live quite differently from people in a northern urban area of Europe.
由于在不同的社会，环境和气候条件下生活，人类发展的特殊需求，形成自己独特的习惯，我们有经验（自从用文字做名字，我们有自己的经验，我们在语言上的差异太大），在一般情况下，导致特定的模式和方法和表达形式都和彼此之间的交流有关。有很多例子可以说明。生活在温暖的热带气候的人，和生活在欧洲城市北部地区的人完全不同。
We need to know about people and their background if we are to understand their communications. This has important implications for when you may find yourself doing business in a foreign country. It is important that you become acquainted with the local culture and be prepared to follow its rules while you are doing business there. For example, in some Latin American countries, men stand quite close together when talking—much closer than we stand in many western countries. If you, as a Western business executive, were to find yourself in this situation, find the closeness uncomfortable, and back away, you would very likely offend your Latin American business friend.
如果我们要和他们交流我们就需要先了解他们及其背景，当自己在为国外企业工作的话你会发现这对你是很重要的。当你在当地工作你需要熟悉那里的文化并做好准备愿意遵守它。例如，在一些拉丁美洲,男子在谈话时会站得非常近,比我们和西方国家的人站得还要近得多,如果你是一个西方企业主管,你会发觉在这种场合你会感觉很不习惯,会不由自主地往后退,你就会得罪了你拉丁美洲的商务合作伙伴.
Your action would probably create a communication barrier because you would appear "coldand stand-offish" to your Latin American counterpart.
你的行为会导致交流的障碍,因为你对拉丁美洲商务伙伴表现出一种“高傲”行为。
Remember that people do things differently. Remember, too, that people communicate in terms of their own experiences. Do not be offended (and communicate offensively) when something out of the ordinary happens. The situation may appear unusual to your frame of reference because it is not within the range of your experience; the situation may be perfectly "normal" to everyone else.
记住人们所做的不同的事情.记住别人在交流自己的经验.不能随意打断（语言攻击）。当出现非正常情况.因为这些情况不在你的'经验范围内你就会觉得这些事情非常异常.这些情况对于每个人来说并不是都不太寻常的.
It is small wonder that we seem always to be surrounded by wars and rumours of wars. In addition to the barriers of human behaviour and language, our communication attempts also are complicated by cultural barriers (which actually are linked with language).
Many cultural differences take the form of nonverbal communications. The nonverbal area is relatively new and still is being studied and developed; however, most of us have had enough experience to be aware of its existence and importance. One must be careful to keep this area in perspective and to consider nonverbal elements as only a part of the total communication effort—while the nonverbal may be important, it is not always the whole story. If a person frowns while listening to you speak, it may indicate doubt or disagreement; on the other hand, the person may have a headache or the light may be bothersome. It is important for you to remain alert to nonverbal signals, but it is also essential that you decode them accurately.
有点点奇怪的是我们总是被战争和战争的传言所围绕。除了人类的行为和语言障碍,我们试图克服更复杂化的文化障碍, （这实际上是与语言密切相联）。许多文化差异都容入了非言语交流方式,非言语领域是相对新型的仍在研究和开发中；但是,我们大部人都有足够的经验认识它的存在和重要性.我们必须认真对待这一领域并考虑非言语元素作为交流一部分的作用这是比较重要的.这不一定是全部的故事。如果一个人一边听你说话一边不停皱眉头,这就代表他有疑问或是持有不相同的意见,另一方面,这个人会头痛或有些少麻烦. 重要的是你要保持警觉，非言语信号.但同样重要的是你能精确的的破译判断。
Body language 肢体语言
Probably the best-known type of nonverbal communication, at least to the layperson, is body language.